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The same effect occurring over bodies of salt water is termed ocean-effect or bay-effect snow.
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Lake-effect snow is produced during cooler atmospheric conditions when a cold air mass moves across long expanses of warmer lake water, warming the lower layer of air which picks up water vapor from the lake, rises up through the colder air above, freezes, and is deposited on the leeward (downwind) shores.
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Lake and ocean effectsĬold northwesterly wind over Lake Superior and Lake Michigan creating lake-effect snowfall Often, snow transitions to rain in the warm sector behind the front. In cases where there is a large amount of vertical growth and mixing, the squall may develop embedded cumulonimbus clouds resulting in lightning and thunder which is dubbed thundersnow.Ī warm front can produce snow for a period as warm, moist air overrides below-freezing air and creates precipitation at the boundary. In situations where squalls develop post-frontally, it is not unusual to have two or three linear squall bands pass in rapid succession separated only by 25 miles (40 kilometers), with each passing the same point roughly 30 minutes apart.
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Frontal squalls may form a short distance ahead of the surface cold front or behind the cold front where there may be a deepening low-pressure system or a series of trough lines which act similar to a traditional cold frontal passage. This type of snowsquall generally lasts less than 30 minutes at any point along its path, but the motion of the line can cover large distances. The strong convection that develops has enough moisture to produce whiteout conditions at places which the line passes over as the wind causes intense blowing snow. įrontal snowsquall moving toward Boston, MassachusettsĪ cold front, the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, can produce frontal snowsqualls-an intense frontal convective line (similar to a rainband), when temperature is near freezing at the surface. Snow affects ecosystems, as well, by providing an insulating layer during winter under which plants and animals are able to survive the cold.
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Snow affects such human activities as transportation: creating the need for keeping roadways, wings, and windows clear agriculture: providing water to crops and safeguarding livestock sports such as skiing, snowboarding, and snowmachine travel and warfare. In the Southern Hemisphere, snow is confined primarily to mountainous areas, apart from Antarctica. Major snow-prone areas include the polar regions, the northernmost half of the Northern Hemisphere and mountainous regions worldwide with sufficient moisture and cold temperatures. Otherwise, snow typically melts seasonally, causing runoff into streams and rivers and recharging groundwater. Where the climate is cold enough for year-to-year accumulation, a glacier may form.
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Over time, accumulated snow metamorphoses, by sintering, sublimation and freeze-thaw. As snow accumulates into a snowpack, it may blow into drifts. Snowflakes take on a variety of shapes, basic among these are platelets, needles, columns and rime. Snowflakes nucleate around particles in the atmosphere by attracting supercooled water droplets, which freeze in hexagonal-shaped crystals. Snowstorms organize and develop by feeding on sources of atmospheric moisture and cold air. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away. Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere-usually within clouds-and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes.